Abstract
Autophagy is closely associated with the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) and prognosis of patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). In the present study, we established a signature on the basis of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) related to autophagy (ARlncRNAs) to investigate the TIME and survival of patients with LUAD. We selected ARlncRNAs associated with prognosis to construct a model and divided each sample into different groups on the basis of risk score. The ARlncRNA signature could be recognized as an independent prognostic factor for patients with LUAD, and patients in the low-risk group had a greater survival advantage. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology enrichment analysis suggested that several immune functions and pathways were enriched in different groups. A high-risk score correlated significantly negatively with high abundance of immune cells and stromal cells around the tumor and high tumor mutational burden. Low-risk patients had a higher PD-1, CTLA-4, and HAVCR2 expression and had a better efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors, including PD-1/CTLA-4 inhibitor. A reliable signature on the basis of ARlncRNAs was constructed to explore the TIME and prognosis of patients with LUAD, which could provide valuable information for individualized LUAD treatment.
Highlights
Lung cancer is one of the malignant tumors with the highest morbidity and mortality in the world (Nasim et al, 2019)
Using univariate Cox analysis combined with Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, we screened out 57 ARlncRNAs associated with survival of patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) (Figure 2A)
The risk score of every patient was calculated on the basis of correlation coefficients calculated by multivariate Cox regression analysis, and each sample was differentiated into different groups by median value of risk score
Summary
Lung cancer is one of the malignant tumors with the highest morbidity and mortality in the world (Nasim et al, 2019). The incidence and mortality of lung cancer in the United States in 2021 are estimated to be 235,760 and 131,880, respectively (Siegel et al, 2021). In China, there were estimated 733,000 new lung cancer cases and 610,000 deaths in 2015 (Chen et al, 2016). Non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for about 85% of lung cancers, of which adenocarcinoma accounts for about 50% of NSCLC (Shi et al, 2019). The advent of radiotherapy and chemotherapy has revolutionized the NSCLC treatment, the 5-year survival rate of NSCLC with distant metastasis is only 7% (American Cancer Society, 2021). It is crucial to screen a reliable biomarker to guide individualized treatment of NSCLC
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