Identification of an Allele Attributable to Formation of Cucumber-like Flavor in Wild Tomato Species (Solanum pennellii) That Was Inactivated during Domestication

Abstract

Carbon 6 (C6)-aldehydes formed by fatty acid 13-hydroperoxide lyase (13HPL) specific to fatty acid 13-hydroperoxides (13-HPO) are important flavor constituents in fresh tomato fruits. C9-aldehydes are usually formed by 9/13HPL showing dual specificity to 9- and 13-HPOs and are scarcely found in tomato fruits. Mature red fruits of one of the introgression lines, IL1-4, generated by hybridization of a cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicon) to its wild relative Solanum pennellii, form high amounts of C9-aldehydes upon homogenization. The IL1-4 fruits showed high 9/13HPL activity. One of the genes isolated from IL1-4 showed a high similarity to plant 9/13HPLs. Recombinant proteins expressed in Escherichia coli showed 9/13HPL activity. Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence analyses indicated that the gene was specific to IL1-4 and S. pennellii. S. lycopersicon had a gene having high similarity to the S. pennellii gene. It was absent in IL1-4. Among the differences of amino acid residues found between the two genes, a Cys to Ser exchange may be responsible for the inactivation of resultant protein product of S. lycopersicon gene because the Cys is an essential amino acid residue for HPL activity. From these observations, it could be assumed that a tomato gene corresponding to S. pennellii 9/13HPL gene had been inactivated through domestication of tomatoes.