Identification of ambient fine particulate matter components related to vascular dysfunction by analyzing spatiotemporal variations

Abstract

Exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been associated with vascular diseases in epidemiological studies. We have demonstrated previously that exposure to ambient PM2.5 caused pulmonary vascular remodeling in mice and increased vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) viability. Here, we further demonstrated that exposure of mice to ambient PM2.5 increased urinary 8‑hydroxy‑2′‑deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and cytokines concentrations in the broncheoalveolar lavage. The objective of the present study was to identify the PM2.5 components related to vascular dysfunction. Exposure to PM2.5 collected from various areas and seasons in Taiwan significantly increased viability, oxidative stress, and inflammatory cytokines secretion in VSMCs. The mass concentrations of benz[a]anthracene (BaA), benzo[e]pyrene (BeP), perylene, dibenzo[a,e]pyrene, molybdenum, zinc (Zn), vanadium (V), and nickel in the PM2.5 were significantly associated with increased viability of VSMCs. These components, except BaA and BeP, also were significantly associated with chemokine (CC motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) concentrations in the VSMCs. The effects of V and Zn on cell viability and CCL5 expression, respectively, were verified. In addition, the mass concentrations of sulfate and manganese (Mn) in PM2.5 were significantly correlated with increased oxidative stress; this correlation was also confirmed. After extraction, the inorganic fraction of PM2.5 increased cell viability and oxidative stress, but the organic fraction of PM2.5 increased only cell viability, which was inhibited by an aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist. These data suggest that controlling the emission of Zn, V, Mn, sulfate, and PAHs may prevent the occurrence of PM2.5-induced vascular diseases.