Abstract
Monoterpenoids are a diverse class of natural products and contribute to the important varietal aroma of certain Vitis vinifera grape cultivars. Among the typical monoterpenoids, linalool exists in almost all grape varieties. A gene coding for a nerolidol/linalool (NES/LINS) synthase was evaluated in the role of linalool biosynthesis in grape berries. Enzyme activity assay of this recombinant protein revealed that it could convert geranyl diphosphate and farnesyl diphosphate into linalool and nerolidol in vitro, respectively, and thus it was named VvRILinNer. However, localization experiment showed that this enzyme was only localized to chloroplasts, which indicates that VvRILinNer functions in the linalool production in vivo. The patterns of gene expression and linalool accumulation were analyzed in the berries of three grape cultivars (“Riesling”, “Cabernet Sauvignon”, “Gewurztraminer”) with significantly different levels of monoterpenoids. The VvRILinNer was considered to be mainly responsible for the synthesis of linalool at the early developmental stage. This finding has provided us with new knowledge to uncover the complex monoterpene biosynthesis in grapes.
Highlights
Vitis vinifera is an economical and useful grape vine, and its numerous varieties facilitate the making of high-quality wines
According to the report of Martin et al [14], a total of 32 gene models were annotated as linalool synthase genes or bifunctional linalool/nerolidol synthase in 12× grape genome based on nucleotide sequence similarity
These fragments coded for VvLinNer, and most of them were from the mixed PN template extracted from stems, berries, flowers and leaves
Summary
Vitis vinifera is an economical and useful grape vine, and its numerous varieties facilitate the making of high-quality wines. Geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) under the action of GPP synthase, FPP synthase and GGPP synthase, respectively Afterwards, these products successively convert into different kinds of terpenoids, such as monoterpenes (C10), sesquiterpenes (C15), diterpenes (C20), triterpenes (C30), carotenoids (C40), and so on [8]. It has generally been accepted that GPP and monoterpenes and triterpene such as 3S-linalool and (E,E)-geranyl linalool are synthesized in plastids, whereas FPP and sesquiterpenes like (E)-nerolidol are produced in the cytosol [7,9,21]. The result revealed that this enzyme greatly contributed to linalool production at the early stage of berry development This finding would undoubtedly promote further understanding of the complex monoterpene biosynthesis in grape berry
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