Abstract
Purpose: The α,β-unsaturated aldehyde 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) is a natural compound produced by mammalian cells and is considered to be the most plentiful and reactive by-product of lipid peroxidation (LPO). As a highly reactive electrophile, it is able to form adducts with various biomolecules, including proteins. These protein modifications could modulate many signaling pathways, as well as cell differentiation and proliferation, and thus could be highly important in the context of the extracellular matrix and degradation of articular cartilage.
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