Identification and quantification of polar naphthalene derivatives in contaminated groundwater of a former gas plant site by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

Abstract

A liquid chromatography (LC) method followed by electrospray ionization (ESI) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS–MS) was developed for the quantification of acidic naphthalene derivatives in the concentration range 0.1 to 100 μg/l without excessive sample preparation. For optimal sensitivity the LC–MS–MS measurements were performed recording mass fragmentation by collision induced dissociation in the multiple reaction mode. The collision energy was optimized for every analyte. The matrix effects of the sample were investigated by spiking standards of 1-naphthoic acid with humic acid (HA) and with calcium chloride. While HA decreased the signal intensity an increase was observed in the presence of calcium chloride. For the investigated groundwater samples of a tar oil contaminated site a complete separation of the analytes from the sample matrix by reversed-phase separation could be obtained. The absence of matrix effects on quantification results was confirmed by comparison of results based on external calibration with those based on standard addition of the analytes to a groundwater sample. In four groundwater samples of the contaminated site naphthalene derivatives like 1-naphthoic acid, 2-naphthoic acid, 1-naphthylacetic acid, 2-naphthylacetic acid, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, 2-hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid, and naphthyl-2-methylenesuccinic acid have been detected.