Abstract
Through pharmacological activity research, an increasing number of natural products and their derivatives are being recognized for their therapeutic value. In recent years, studies have been conducted on Corydalis yanhusuo W.T. Wang, a valuable medicinal herb listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Protopine, one of its components, has also become a research hotspot. To illustrate the identification, metabolism, and broad pharmacological activity of protopine and the botanical preparations containing it for further scientific studies and clinical applications, an in-depth and detailed review of protopine is required. We collected data on the identification and quantification, metabolism and pharmacokinetics, pharmacological activities, and botanical preparations of protopine from 1986 to 2021 from the PubMed database using “protopine” as a keyword. It has been shown that protopine as an active ingredient of many botanical preparations can be rapidly screened and quantified by a large number of methods (such as the LC-ESI-MS/MS and the TLC/GC-MS), and the possible metabolic pathways of protopine in vivo have been proposed. In addition, protopine possesses a wide range of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet aggregation, anti-cancer, analgesic, vasodilatory, anticholinesterase, anti-addictive, anticonvulsant, antipathogenic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and cytotoxic and anti-proliferative activities. In this paper, the identification and quantification, metabolism and pharmacokinetics, pharmacological activities, and botanical preparations of protopine are reviewed in detail to lay a foundation for further scientific research and clinical applications of protopine.
Highlights
At present, natural products are under focus in the medicine, healthcare, cosmetic, and other industries [1]
Other scholars reported that protopine can be identified by the LC-MS/MS with the biosynthetic pathway of isoquinoline alkaloid or the Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–tandem quadrupole Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC/QExactive Orbitrap MS) analysis combined with the four-step screening strategy [8,11]
Protopine blocks the function of UDP- galactosidase (UGM), which is the key enzyme for cell wall synthesis in Leishmania protozoa, and plays a role in anti-leishmaniasis and could be used in drug design [76]
Summary
Natural products are under focus in the medicine, healthcare, cosmetic, and other industries [1]. Corydalis yanhusuo W.T. Wang (Figure 1A), a valuable medicinal herb included in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, its powder, and decoction are widely used to relieve pain and inflammation. Protopine (Figure 1B), C20 H19 NO5 , is widely derived from a variety of plants, such as the Papaveraceae family (such as Corydalis yanhusuo W.T. Wang), Elaeocarpaceae family, and Fumariaceae family as well as Berberidaceae family and Ranunculaceae family [5]. The powdered rhizome of Corydalis yanhusuo was extracted with 95% alcohol five times. The powdered rhizome of Corydalis yanhusuo was extracted with 95% alcohol five showed the content of protopine [6]. To illustrate the identification and date, there has been no detailed review of protopine. Chemical (2019), with permission from Elsevier) of Corydalis yanhusuo W.T. Wang tuber [3].
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