Identification and partial characterization of a novel plasma membrane-associated lytic factor isolated from highly purified adherent lymphokine-activated killer cells

Abstract

We have identified and partially purified a novel cytolytic factor isolated from enriched plasma membranes prepared from highly purified lymphokine-activated killer cells (adherent-LAK, A-LAK cells) and a large granular lymphocytic NK cell leukemia, CRNK-16. The enriched plasma membranes were shown to be physically devoid of lytic granules and contained no detectable pore-forming protein (PFP, perforin) activity. The plasma membrane-associated cytolytic factor (designated M-CTX) was solubilized in biologically active form and was highly lytic to a large panel of target cells in 2- to 4-hr 51Cr release assays. Characteristics of the M-CTX include: (1) it is plasma membrane- not granule-associated; (2) it is not hemolytic and functions in the absence of Ca 2+; (3) nucleated target cells are lysed in 2 to 4 hr at 37 °C but not at 4 °C; (4) it induces apoptotic cell death with nuclear DNA fragmentation and massive membrane blebbing; (5) it is isolated from the plasma membranes of cultured A-LAK cells, a lytically active LGL leukemia (CRNK-16), and fresh spleen cells but not from thymocytes or L929 fibroblasts; and (6) the lytic activity of the partially purified toxin is inactivated by trypsin, serum, and heat, but is not blocked by antibodies that inactivate TNF-α, LT or IFN-γ. Taken collectively, these data suggest that M-CTX may represent a heretofore undescribed membrane-associated toxin possibly involved in contact-mediated cell killing.