Identification and Importance of Brown Adipose Tissue in Adult Humans

Abstract

Although brown adipose tissue in infants and young children is important for regulation of energy expenditure, there has been considerable debate on whether brown adipose tissue normally exists in adult humans and has physiologic relevance in this population. In the last decade, radiologic studies in adults have identified areas of adipose tissue with high 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) uptake, putatively identified as brown fat. This radiologic study assessed the presence of physiologically significant brown adipose tissue among 1972 adult patients who had 3640 consecutive 18F-FDG positron-emission tomographic and computed tomographic whole-body scans between 2003 and 2006. Brown adipose tissue was defined as areas of tissue that were more than 4 mm in diameter, had the CT density of adipose tissue, and had maximal standardized uptake values of 18F-FDG of at least 2.0 gm per mL. A sample of 204 date-matched patients without brown adipose tissue served as the control group. Using these criteria, positron-emission tomographic and computed tomographic scans identified brown adipose tissue in 106 of the 1972 patients (5.4%). The most common location for substantial amounts of brown adipose tissue was the region extending from the anterior neck to supraclavicular region. Immunohistochemical staining for uncoupling protein 1 in this region confirmed the identity of immunopositive, multilocular adipocytes as brown adipose tissue. More brown adipose tissue was detected in women (7.5% {lsqb;76/1013{rsqb;) than in men (3.1% {lsqb;30/959{rsqb;); the female:male ratio was 2.4:1.0 (P < 0.001). The mass and activity of brown adipose tissue was also greater in women than in men. The probability of having substantial brown adipose tissue decreased with increasing age (<50–>64) (P < 0.001), short-term or long-term use of beta-blockers (P < 0.001), increasing mean outdoor temperature at the time of the scan (P < 0.02), and increasing tissue and increasing body mass index among patients in the top third for age (>64 years) (P for trend = 0.007). These findings show that functional brown adipose tissue is prevalent in adult humans, and significantly more frequently in women. The inverse correlation of body mass index with the amount of brown adipose tissue, especially in older patients, suggests to the investigators a possible role of brown adipose tissue in protecting against obesity.