Abstract
Multidrug and Toxic Compound Extrusion (MATE) proteins are essential transporters that extrude metabolites and participate in plant development and the detoxification of toxins. Little is known about the MATE gene family in the Solanaceae, which includes species that produce a broad range of specialized metabolites. Here, we identified and analyzed the complement of MATE genes in pepper (Capsicum annuum) and potato (Solanum tuberosum). We classified all MATE genes into five groups based on their phylogenetic relationships and their gene and protein structures. Moreover, we discovered that tandem duplication contributed significantly to the expansion of the pepper MATE family, while both tandem and segmental duplications contributed to the expansion of the potato MATE family, indicating that MATEs took distinct evolutionary paths in these two Solanaceous species. Analysis of ω values showed that all potato and pepper MATE genes experienced purifying selection during evolution. In addition, collinearity analysis showed that MATE genes were highly conserved between pepper and potato. Analysis of cis-elements in MATE promoters and MATE expression patterns revealed that MATE proteins likely function in many stages of plant development, especially during fruit ripening, and when exposed to multiple stresses, consistent with the existence of functional differentiation between duplicated MATE genes. Together, our results lay the foundation for further characterization of pepper and potato MATE gene family members.
Highlights
The Multidrug and Toxic Compound Extrusion (MATE) protein family consists of essential multidrug transporters that can dispose and detoxify exogenous and endogenous toxins in development and response to various stresses [1]
Many MATE proteins have been confirmed to transport or accumulate secondary metabolites, including transport of alkaloids by tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) jasmonate-inducible alkaloid transporter 1 (NtJAT1) and AtDTX1 [8,9,10]; anthocyanins and the epicatechin 3’-O-glucoside by Arabidopsis TRANSPARENT TESTA 12 (TT12)/DTX41 [11,12]; anthocyanins by grapevine (Vitis vinifera) anthoMATE1 (VvAM1) and VvAM3 [13,14]; proanthocyanidin precursors by barrelclover (Medicago truncatula) MtMATE1 [12]; nicotine or flavonoid by NtMATE1 [15], MtMATE2 [16]; AtDTX35/FLOWER FLAVONOID TRANSPORTER (FFT) [17]; salicylic acid (SA) by Arabidopsis ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 5 (EDS5) [18,19,20,21]; abscisic acid (ABA) by AtDTX50/ABNORMAL SHOOT (ABS) 3-LIKE 2 (ABS3L2) [22]; hydroxycinnamic acid amides by AtDTX18 [23]
We filtered candidate genes according to the position of their MATE domain and the number of transmembrane domains (TMs), which we detected using the SMART, InterProscan and CDD databases
Summary
The Multidrug and Toxic Compound Extrusion (MATE) protein family ( named DetoxificationEfflux Carriers, DTXs) consists of essential multidrug transporters that can dispose and detoxify exogenous and endogenous toxins in development and response to various stresses [1]. Many MATE proteins have been confirmed to transport or accumulate secondary metabolites, including transport of alkaloids by tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) jasmonate-inducible alkaloid transporter 1 (NtJAT1) and AtDTX1 [8,9,10]; anthocyanins and the epicatechin 3’-O-glucoside by Arabidopsis TRANSPARENT TESTA 12 (TT12)/DTX41 [11,12]; anthocyanins by grapevine (Vitis vinifera) anthoMATE1 (VvAM1) and VvAM3 [13,14]; proanthocyanidin precursors by barrelclover (Medicago truncatula) MtMATE1 [12]; nicotine or flavonoid by NtMATE1 [15], MtMATE2 [16]; AtDTX35/FLOWER FLAVONOID TRANSPORTER (FFT) [17]; salicylic acid (SA) by Arabidopsis ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 5 (EDS5) [18,19,20,21]; abscisic acid (ABA) by AtDTX50/ABNORMAL SHOOT (ABS) 3-LIKE 2 (ABS3L2) [22]; hydroxycinnamic acid amides by AtDTX18 [23]. Several MATE proteins are involved in aluminum detoxification or iron translocation, including Arabidopsis MATE [24,25], Brassica oleracea BoMATE [26], Eucalyptus camaldulensis EcMATE1 [27], Arabidopsis FERRIC REDUCTASE DEFECTIVE 3 (FRD3) [28,29], soybean (Glycine max) GmFRD3b [30], barley (Hordeum vulgare) HvAACT1 [31,32,33], rice (Oryza sativa)
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