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Abstract
Previous BAC clone analysis of the Platyrrhini owl monkey KIRs have shown an unusual genetic structure in some loci. Therefore, cDNAs encoding KIR molecules from eleven Aotus vociferans monkeys were characterized here; ten putative KIR loci were found, some of which encoded atypical proteins such as KIR4DL and transcripts predicted to encode a D0+D1 configuration (AOTVOKIR2DL1*01v1) which appear to be unique in the Aotus genus. Furthermore, alternative splicing was found as a likely mechanism for producing activator receptors in A. vociferans species. KIR proteins from New World monkeys may be split into three new lineages according to domain by domain phylogenetic analysis. Although the A. vociferans KIR family displayed a high divergence among paralogous genes, individual loci were limited in their genetic polymorphism. Selection analysis showed that both constrained and rapid evolution may operate within the AvKIR family. The frequent alternative splicing (as a likely mechanism generating activator receptors), the presence of KIR4DL and KIR2DL1 (D0+D1) molecules and other data reported here suggest that the KIR family in Aotus has had a rapid evolution, independent from its Catarrhini counterparts.
Highlights
Natural killer (NK) cells are granular lymphocytes which are involved in immune responses against infected or malignant cells [1]
This was aligned with reported cytochrome oxidase subunit II (COII) from different Aotus species and maximum likelihood (ML) phylogeny was constructed by using the best nucleotide substitution model (i.e. the Hasegawa, Kishino and Yano (HKY) model, assuming a proportion of invariant sites (+I)) inferred by Bayesian information criteria (BIC)
All COII fragments from the individuals included in this study formed a monophyletic group with the reported A. vociferans COII (Figure S1), confirming that the field sampled primates belonged to this species
Summary
Natural killer (NK) cells are granular lymphocytes which are involved in immune responses against infected or malignant cells [1]. KIRs evolutionary history has been thoroughly assessed in Catarrhini primates while a full understanding of such background has yet to be achieved in Platyrrhini monkeys. Sequence analysis of these Catarrhini species has shown a fast evolution and many of them have diverged in a species-specific manner [7,16]. Phylogenetic analysis has shown that domain shuffling has allowed the emergence of new primate receptors [8] According to their phylogenetic relationships, five lineages can be observed, lineage I being represented by human KIR2DL4 and KIR2DL5 (KIR2DL4 being the only true ortholog KIR among Catarrhini primates) [7,14]. This report has been aimed at characterizing the KIR repertoire from field sampled A. vociferans individuals, showing this family’s great diversity and rapid evolution in this species
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