Abstract
Objectives: The main aim of this work is to determine the antibiogram profile of biofilm-producing Staphylococcus aureus from various clinical specimens of the patients.
 Methods: Various bacterial cultures of non-repeated clinical specimens from a total of 3388 patients were determined using standard microbiological and biochemical methods.
 Results: Out of 3388 only 604 (17.02%) displayed growth positive. A total of 65 (51.58%) S. aureus isolates were recovered, 25 (38.46%) were identified as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) by Cefoxitin (30 μg) disk diffusion technique, of which majority were from pus/wound swab 22 (37.29%). The antibiogram of the isolates was analyzed by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique analyzing Linezolid to be the most effective drug with susceptibility of 100% to both MRSA and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus, followed by vancomycin, tigecycline, and tetracycline. In vitro biofilm production by tissue culture plate (TCP) and Congo red agar method detected 52 (80%) and 25 (38.46%) as biofilm producers, respectively. TCP identified 2 (3.07%), 7 (10.76%), and 44 (67.69%) as strongly, moderately, and weakly adherent. About 30.7% of MRSA obtained were positive biofilm producers. The minimum inhibitory concentration value of Oxacillin for S. aureus by agar dilution method ranged from 0.025 μg/mL to 128 μg/mL.
 Conclusion: This study shows that biofilm production was more in methicillin-resistant strains and displayed a high degree of resistance to almost all groups of antibiotics.
Highlights
Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram-positive, round-shaped bacterium about 0.8–1.0 μm in diameter, a member of the family Micrococcaceae, frequently found in the upper respiratory and on the skin [1]. It is a pathogen armed with virulence factors including pore-forming toxins, superantigens, phagocytosis inhibitors, biofilm-forming capacity, and evasion of the host immune system [2,3]
A biofilm comprises any syntrophic consortium of microorganisms in which a multilayered cell cluster is embedded in the matrix of extracellular polysaccharide which facilitate the adherence of these organisms to the medial surface and protect them from host immune system and antimicrobial therapy [4]
The pus/wound was the main source of S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in hospital settings
Summary
Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram-positive, round-shaped bacterium about 0.8–1.0 μm in diameter, a member of the family Micrococcaceae, frequently found in the upper respiratory and on the skin [1]. It is a pathogen armed with virulence factors including pore-forming toxins, superantigens, phagocytosis inhibitors, biofilm-forming capacity, and evasion of the host immune system [2,3]. The incidents of community-acquired and hospital-acquired S. aureus have been augmenting with the increasing emergence of a drug-resistant strain called methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Biofilm formation by MRSA has more resistance to the host immune response and more tolerant to antimicrobials. The percentage of hospital isolation MRSA in the developed countries has increased from 2% in the 1970s to 30% in the 1990s [9]
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