Abstract
ABSTRACT Cassava (Manihot esculenta, Grantz) leaves are known for their pharmacological and nutraceutical properties, but the extraction of active compounds in CL has not been optimized yet. In this study, the optimal parameters for the extraction of flavonoids from cassava leaves were determined using a Taguchi L9 orthogonal array design. The extraction variables included: concentration of ethanol, temperature, the solid: liquid ratio and the extraction time. Optimum extraction conditions were 50% ethanol at 50°C for 4 h at a solid: liquid ratio of 1:40. The total flavonoids obtained under these conditions were 877.7 mg/100 g extract and rutin content was 622 mg/100 g as determined by HPLC-UV. Seven flavonoid compounds were identified by HPLC-FTICR-MS analysis. The relative amount of each compound in the extract was 0.96% of clovin, 4.81% of myricetin-3-O-rutinoside, 1.25% of robinin, 58.89% of rutin, 2.51% of hyperoside, 29.31% of nicotiflorin, and 2.28% of narcissin of the total flavonoids. Therefore, CL has the potential to be explored as the medicinal foods or therapeutics for improving human health.
Highlights
Cassava (Manihot esculenta, Grantz) is commonly known as Yuca, mandioca or tapioca is an annual plant which belongs to the genus cassava
The optimum extraction parameters were 50% ethanol as extraction solvent at a solid: liquid (S/L) ratio 1:40 and 55°Cfor 2 h that resulted in total flavonoids content (TFC) of 877.71 mg/100g dry extract, which is higher than the TFC value (52.38 mg/g of dry powder) reported by Zhou et al.[14] for Cassava leaves (CL) extract obtained with 90% ethanol extracted by Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE)
The extraction solvents have a big effect on TFC due to the proportion of individual groups, which dissolve in ethanol from the total amount of flavonoids compounds because of the principle “like dissolves like”.[13]
Summary
Cassava (Manihot esculenta, Grantz) is commonly known as Yuca, mandioca or tapioca is an annual plant which belongs to the genus cassava. Cassava is widely grown in tropical and subtropical countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America with an estimated production of 276.7 million tons (FAOSTAT, 2013). Cassava tuber is the common edible part of the plant. Cassava leaves (CL) are consumed as a vegetable in Latin America and is used as an ingredient in sauces.[1] In China, only the tuber is consumed, and large amounts of tuber peel, leaves, and stalks are generated as waste. Inadequate waste management of this by-product can lead to environmental pollution and loss of this bioresource
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