Abstract
Background and objective: Liver regeneration (LR) is a complex process influenced by various genes and pathways, the majority of the of research on LR focus on the initiation and proliferation phase while studies on termination phase is lacking. We aimed to identify potential genes and reveal the underlying the molecular mechanisms involved in the precise regulation of liver size during the termination phase of LR. Materials and methods: We obtained the rat liver tissue gene datasets (GSE63742) collected following partial hepatectomy (PH) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), from which, this study screened the late stage LR samples (7 days post-PH) using the R/Bioconductor packages for the identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Afterwards, we performed enrichment analysis using the database for annotation visualization and integrated discovery (DAVID) online tool. Moreover, the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting proteins (STRING) database was employed to construct protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks based on those identified DEGs; the PPI network was then used by Cytoscape software to predict hub genes and nodes. Animal experimentation (Rat PH model) was performed to acquire liver tissues which were then used for western blot analysis to verify our results. Results: The present study identified together 74 significant DEGs, among which, 51 showed up-regulation while 23 presented as down-regulated. As revealed by KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, DEGs were mostly related to pathways such as retinol metabolism, steroid hormone synthesis, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. In addition, as suggested by GO enrichment analysis, DEGs were mostly related to the cyclooxygenase P450 pathway, negative regulation of Notch signaling pathway, aromatase activity, steroid hydroxylase activity, exosomes, and extracellular domain. Analyses based on STRING database and Cytoscape software identified genes like Ste2 and Btg2 as the hub genes in the termination stage LR. The obtained results were confirmed by Western blot analysis. Conclusions: Taken together, the microarray analysis in this study suggests that DEGs such as Ste2 and Btg2 are the hub genes, which are associated with the regulation of termination stage LR, while the molecular mechanisms are possibly related to the MAPK and TGF-β signal transduction pathways.
Highlights
A series of signaling pathways in the liver are activated to initiate liver regeneration (LR), and the
After approximately 70% partial hepatectomy (PH), the remaining liver in rats could basically recover to the weight, volume and function before operation within 5–7 days, and the cells returned to static state
Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the chip samples, and the results showed a significant difference between the two groups, with different characteristics (Fig. 2A)
Summary
Liver regeneration (LR) is a complex process influenced by various genes and pathways, the majority of the of research on LR focus on the initiation and proliferation phase while studies on termination phase is lacking. As revealed by KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, DEGs were mostly related to pathways such as retinol metabolism, steroid hormone synthesis, transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Conclusions: Taken together, the microarray analysis in this study suggests that DEGs such as Ste and Btg are the hub genes, which are associated with the regulation of termination stage LR, while the molecular mechanisms are possibly related to the MAPK and TGF-β signal transduction pathways
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