Abstract

Neuromodulation approaches like spinal cord stimulation (SCS) are increasingly being applied as alternatives to the traditional pharmacologic treatments of chronic pain1. Tonic electrical stimulation of the spinal cord is most often applied through epidural electrodes, but in addition to putatively exciting the dorsal columns, it can induce paresthesia in many patients sometimes limiting therapeutic efficacy1. As a result, alternative, ‘paresthesia-free’ stimulation paradigms such as burst2 and high frequency stimulation are gaining popularity.

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