Abstract
Major, minor and trace elements in wines from Greece were determined by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS). The concentrations of 44 elements (Na, Mg, P, K, Ca, Cu, Co, Cr, Zn, Sn, Fe, Mn, Li, Be, B, V, Sr, Ba, Al, Ag, Ni, As, Sn, Hg, Pb, Sb, Cd, Ti, Ga, Zr, Nb, Pd, Te, La, Sm, Ho, Tm, Yb, W, Os, Au, Tl, Th, U) in 90 white and red wines from six different regions in Greece for two consecutive vinification years, 2017 and 2018, were determined. Results for the elements aforementioned were evaluated by multivariate statistical methods, such as discriminant analysis and cluster analysis, and the wines were discriminated according to wine variety and geographical origin. Due to the specific choice of the analytes for multivariate statistical investigation, a prediction rate by cross-validation of 98% could be achieved. The aim of this study was not only to reveal specific relationships between the wine samples or between the chemical variables in order to classify the wines from different regions and varieties according to their elemental profile (wine authentication), but also to observe the annual fluctuation in the mineral content of the studied wine samples.
Highlights
Wine is a complex matrix and, it contains low-level concentrations of mineral elements [1]
Mg, Sr, Ba, and rare-earth elements are listed as useful elements, the first two should be considered carefully, as they can be introduced through viticultural practices such as the use of fertilizers and pesticides, while rare-earth element content in wines can increase due to treatment with bentonites [14]
Preliminary Classification of Wines According to Elemental Composition
Summary
Wine is a complex matrix and, it contains low-level concentrations of mineral elements [1]. Other potential sources that affect mineral content are soil amendments, atmospheric pollution, pesticides, fertilizers, irrigation water, contact materials during transport, vinification and aging processes, enological processing aids, and additives [5,6,7]. For these reasons, wine classification reflects the geographical provenance and anthropogenic factors. All these factors may markedly change the multi-element composition of the wine, precluding their use for authentication purposes [17]
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