Abstract
This study evaluates the performance of heat pumps using water or ice as the heat source, with energy transferred via repurposed gas delivery pipes. The proposed system offers significant benefits for urban energy networks, particularly in densely populated areas. The article is divided into two main sections: the first compares the thermal efficiency of the proposed system for residential heating against similar heat pumps. The second section examines the implementation, energy transfer capacity, and water requirements of using a gas pipeline network. The study models various heating systems, including electric-resistance, air-source, water-source, ground-source, and ice-source heat pumps, in Nottingham throughout the year. The results show that switching from gas to heat pumps significantly increases electricity demand, especially during peak periods. Specifically, electric-resistance heating, air-source, water-source, and ice-source heat pumps increase peak electricity consumption by factors of 7.5, 3.2, 2.5, and 2.7, respectively, compared to a gas boiler. Additionally, electricity consumption exceeds the current peak for 89 %, 47 %, 35 %, and 39 % of the hours in the year for each respective system. These findings emphasize the proposed system's role in managing peak electricity demand and enhancing generation and transmission capacity post-natural gas phase-out.
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