Abstract
This chapter starts with relevant information about water (freshwater and seawater), which affect the ice formation and the phase diagram of sea ice. It then addresses the subject of initial ice formation and the lateral and vertical ice growth and also presents thermodynamic ice growth models. Within the vertical growth part, the processes of entrapment of inclusions (salts and air) within the sea ice and the continuous desalination (brine drainage) are covered. Related to salt entrapment in sea ice, the chapter presents the process of compositional supercooling and covers the important features of the dendritic sea ice-water interface (which actually discriminate between sea ice and freshwater ice). It then focuses on ice deformation, ice decay and aging. The chapter finally addresses ice classes and covers a few commonly known ice regimes, namely polynyas, pancake ice, marginal ice zone, ice edge, and ice of land origin (i.e., icebergs and ice islands).
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