Abstract
Kappaphycus spp. and Eucheuma spp. are two economically significant seaweed species cultivated globally due to their carrageenan content with numerous commercial applications. They are mainly cultivated in the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Tanzania. The culture of these seaweeds also provides income sources for many coastal dwellers. In 2018, the total global production from these seaweeds was about 11 million tonnes. One of the primary problems that affect seaweed production is the incidence of ice-ice disease. In this article, we reviewed the reported scientific journals on the ice-ice disease of two commercially cultured seaweed species (Kappaphycus spp. and Eucheuma spp.), focusing mainly on causes, occurrence, and control measures. The ice-ice disease is caused by both abiotic and biotic factors manifested by the presence of white and soft parts in the infected seaweeds. The occurrence of this disease varies from species, places, and seasons. Control measures may include proper farm management, polyculture with other seaweeds, pre-soaking with antibacterial substances and nutrient enrichment before out-planting, and possibly using genetic engineering.
Highlights
Commercial seaweed species like Kappaphycus spp. and Eucheuma spp. are significant seaweed species used as a carrageenan source, a phycocolloid, with various usage area in commercial applications as a thickening, gelling, and binding agents in food products and sauces, as well as in experimental medicine, pharmaceutical cosmetics, formulations, and Tahiluddin and Terzi (2021) Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 10(3): 234-243 industrial applications (Necas & Bartosikova, 2013; Loureiro et al, 2017a)
Kappaphycus spp. and Eucheuma spp. are two economically significant seaweed species cultivated globally due to their carrageenan content with numerous commercial applications
We reviewed the reported scientific journals on the ice-ice disease of two commercially cultured seaweed species (Kappaphycus spp. and Eucheuma spp.), focusing mainly on causes, occurrence, and control measures
Summary
Commercial seaweed species like Kappaphycus spp. and Eucheuma spp. are significant seaweed species used as a carrageenan source, a phycocolloid, with various usage area in commercial applications as a thickening, gelling, and binding agents in food products and sauces, as well as in experimental medicine, pharmaceutical cosmetics, formulations, and. One of the main hurdles in the farming of these macroalgae is diseases, e.g., ice-ice disease and epiphyte infestation (Largo, 2002) These diseases developed due to increased farm size and culture practices intensification (Vairappan, 2006). These are responsible for many seaweed seedlings losses, influencing both biomass quantity and quality, which primarily affect marginalized coastal villages relying on seaweed farming as a sole income source (Loureiro et al, 2017b). Disease problems (ice-ice disease and epiphyte infestations) in eucheumatoid farming have resulted in shrinking culture stocks and decreased quality of carrageenan, resulting in low market value and income and job opportunities losses, especially for marginal seaweed farmers (Ward et al, 2020). This paper reviewed all the reported papers on the ice-ice disease, its causes, occurrence, and control measures, focusing on the Kappaphycus and Eucheuma species commonly cultivated worldwide
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