Abstract
Abstract In broad terms, managing an ecosystem means maintaining both the integrity of ecological systems and the resilience of social and economic systems. Ratings of ecological integrity and socioeconomic resilience are combined to make general statements about ecosystem conditions in the interior Columbia basin. Risks to integrity and resilience arise from many sources, both natural and human-caused, and reducing risks in one component may increase risks to another. Three management alternatives--maintaining current practices, restoring with active management, and setting up reserves--present different opportunities to manage the risks inherent in biophysical and social systems and meet ecosystem management goals.
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