Abstract
Excessive decreases in bone volume (BV) and bone mineral density (BMD) can lead to osteoporosis, potentially hindering implant osseointegration. Bisphosphonates are commonly used to combat osteoporosis by slowing osteoclast‐mediated resorption; however, functional osteoclasts are integral to bone remodeling and, thus, implant osseointegration, potentially contraindicating bisphosphonate use during implantation. To optimize the use of implant technologies in patients with compromised bone structure and metabolism, we need a more complete understanding of the biological response to surface design. The goal of this study was to assess the effects of osteoporosis and bisphosphonates on osseointegration of titanium (Ti) implants with microstructured surfaces, which have been shown to support osteoblast differentiation in vitro and rapid osseointegration in vivo. Forty, 8‐month‐old, virgin, female CD Sprague Dawley rats underwent ovariectomy (OVX) or sham (SHOVX) surgery. After 5 weeks, animals were injected subcutaneously with either the bisphosphonate (BIS), Ibandronate (25 µg/kg), or phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) every 25 days. 1 week after the initial injection, Ø2.5mm × 3.5mm microrough (SLA; grit‐blasted/acid etched) implants were placed transcortically in the distal metaphysis of each femur resulting in four groups: 1) SHOVX+PBS; 2) SHOVX+BIS; 3) OVX+PBS; and 4) OVX+BIS. After 28d, qualitative properties of the bone and implant osseointegration were assessed using micro‐computed tomography (microCT), calcified histomorphometry (Van Gieson's stain), and removal torque testing. microCT revealed decreased bone volume in OVX rats, which was slowed by bisphosphonate treatment. Reduced bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC) was evident in OVX+PBS compared to SHOVX+PBS. Although BV/TV was increased in OVX+BIS compared to OVX+PBS, bisphosphonate treatment had no effect on BIC. Removal torque testing revealed a higher maximum torque, torsional stiffness, and torsional energy in SHOVX compared to OVX with no effects due to bisphosphonate treatment. Our results show that osseointegration is decreased in osteoporotic animals. Ibandronate halts the progression of osteoporosis but does not enhance osseointegration. © 2019 The Authors. JBMR Plus Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Highlights
Sufficient bone volume (BV) and bone mineral density (BMD) are two of the most important patient factors for predicting the long-term success of dental and orthopaedic implant osseointegration, which is defined as the direct anchorage of an implant to mature bone tissue without the growth of fibrous tissue.[1–3] These factors significantly diminish with age and their reduction is exacerbated by certain factors including postmenopausal estrogen deficiency
Osseointegration involves a complex cascade of biological events, leading to the structural and functional connection between mature, lamellar bone and the inserted implant.[3]. The cellular miscommunication associated with osteoporosis leads to excessive bone resorption and impaired bone remodeling, which challenges successful osseointegration and implant outcomes
Bisphosphonates are known to increase BV and BMD by mitigating the resorptive damage caused by overactive osteoclasts, their continued disruption of bone remodeling may contribute to greater risks of compromised implant osseointegration
Summary
Sufficient bone volume (BV) and bone mineral density (BMD) are two of the most important patient factors for predicting the long-term success of dental and orthopaedic implant osseointegration, which is defined as the direct anchorage of an implant to mature bone tissue without the growth of fibrous tissue.[1–3] These factors significantly diminish with age and their reduction is exacerbated by certain factors including postmenopausal estrogen deficiency. Sufficient bone volume (BV) and bone mineral density (BMD) are two of the most important patient factors for predicting the long-term success of dental and orthopaedic implant osseointegration, which is defined as the direct anchorage of an implant to mature bone tissue without the growth of fibrous tissue.[1–3]. These factors significantly diminish with age and their reduction is exacerbated by certain factors including postmenopausal estrogen deficiency. Osteoclasts produce factors (both independent and as a byproduct of matrix resorption) capable of regulating MSC and osteoblast migration and their subsequent osteogenesis.[11]. Age-related mechanisms contributing to osteoporosis may originate from accelerated bone resorption or impaired bone formation,(12) these processes are not independent
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