Abstract
Beamline I22 at Diamond Light Source is dedicated to the study of soft-matter systems from both biological and materials science. The beamline can operate in the range 3.7 keV to 22 keV for transmission SAXS and 14 keV to 20 keV for microfocus SAXS with beam sizes of 240 µm × 60 µm [full width half-maximum (FWHM) horizontal (H) × vertical (V)] at the sample for the main beamline, and approximately 10 µm × 10 µm for the dedicated microfocusing platform. There is a versatile sample platform for accommodating a range of facilities and user-developed sample environments. The high brilliance of the insertion device source on I22 allows structural investigation of materials under extreme environments (for example, fluid flow at high pressures and temperatures). I22 provides reliable access to millisecond data acquisition timescales, essential to understanding kinetic processes such as protein folding or structural evolution in polymers and colloids.
Highlights
Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) provides essential information on the structure and dynamics of large molecular assemblies in low-order environments
The SAXS camera is composed of evacuated sections of flight tube with a nosecone incorporating the WAXS detector at the sample end and ended by a 310 mm-diameter Kapton window at the SAXS detector end
Off-axis undulator radiation is removed to minimize heat load on the beamline optics via a watercooled 150 mrad  75 mrad (H  V) aperture located inside the storage ring tunnel 17.202 m downstream from the source
Summary
Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) provides essential information on the structure and dynamics of large molecular assemblies in low-order environments. These are characteristic of living organisms and many complex materials such as polymers and colloids. Relevant active research in the UK encompasses the fields of medicine (Ma et al, 2016; Burton et al, 2019; Coudrillier et al, 2016; Al-Jaibaji et al, 2018; Kudsiova et al, 2019), biology (Troilo et al, 2016; McGeehan et al, 2011; Arnold et al, 2011; Salamah et al, 2018), the environment (Neill et al, 2018; Seddon et al, 2016) and materials (Summerton et al, 2019; Wychowaniec et al, 2018; Burton et al, 2017), and includes studies of supramolecular organization in biomechanical systems (Xi et al, 2018; Kampourakis et al, 2018; Sui et al, 2014), corneal transparency (Morgan et al, 2018; Hayes et al, 2017), biological membranes (Barriga et al, 2016; Slatter et al, 2018; Tang et al, 2014), polymer processing (Stasiak et al, 2015; Wan et al, 2018; Heeley et al, 2013; Toolan et al, 2017), colloids (Calabrese et al, 2019; Poulos et al, 2016; Mable et al, 2016), inorganic aggregates (Raine et al, 2018; Bennett et al, 2015; Zhou et al, 2018), liquid crystals (Hallett et al, 2014; Prehm et al, 2018; Lehmann et al, 2018) and devices (Xia et al, 2018; Barrows et al, 2016)
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