Abstract
Historical use of urine varies greatly from the production of gunpowder, as a fertiliser, dyeing wool in the textile industry and wound healing. The ancient Egyptians used to have a pregnant woman urinate on bags of wheat and bags of barley. if wheat sprouted, it was a girl; if barley did, it was a boy; if neither did, there was no pregnancy! However, it was Carl Friedrich Gartner (1772–1850) who towards the end of the 18th century pioneered urine testing at the bedside.
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