Abstract
This review provides evidence that thresholds are observd in atomic bomb survivors for teratogenic and genetic effects of radiation and that for rodents subjected to radon gas and tritiated drinking water, radiation becomes non-carcinogenic at low dose-rates. A model is proposed for the threshold effect; DNA damage-bearing cells are completely removed from tissues after irradiation at low dose-rates due to the concerted cooperation of DNA repair and apoptosis. Evidence supporting this model is presented by reviewing recent studies of p53-dependent apoptosis and DNA repair.
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