Abstract
Low-cost, high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have the distinguished potential to be next commercialized photovoltaic devices. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process was regarded as an excellent choice as compared to solution deposition technique, however, the photovoltaic and stable performance of the former lags behind that of the latter. In this work, we propose a facile CVD pattern to fabricate PSCs, substrates covered by lead iodide (PbI2) sandwich-surrounded by the source methyl-ammonium iodide (CH3NH3I, MAI) powder. Heat and mass transfer, surface reactions are involved in the CVD deposition procedure. Numerical calculations present a uniform distribution of MAI vapor, contributing to homogeneous perovskite films with comparable surface morphologies, crystal structures and photovoltaic performances, despite of the notorious hysteresis. Herein, a PCBM ([6,6]-Phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester) interlayer is introduced before the PbI2 coating and the CVD process. Results show that even suffered from the torturous CVD procedure, the PCBM interlayer still works to passivating the bulk and interfacial recombination, reducing the hysteresis, improving the grain structure of perovskite films. Hence, the photovoltaic performance of PSCs enhances by 30%, and the filling factor difference between the forward and the reverse scan reduces to 6%.
Highlights
Perovskite solar cells have attracted tremendous attention attribute to their remarkable properties, such as low-cost, easy-processing and tunable bandgap [1,2,3]
perovskite solar cells (PSCs) enhances by 30%, and the filling factor difference between the forward and the reverse scan reduces to 6%
We introduce a facile chemical vapor deposition (CVD) pattern to produce MAPbI3 perovskite films, substrate covered by PbI2 sandwiched by the source MAI powder
Summary
Perovskite solar cells have attracted tremendous attention attribute to their remarkable properties, such as low-cost, easy-processing and tunable bandgap [1,2,3]. Planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are expected to prevail over mesoporous PSCs if the coating technique and interface engineering can be enhanced, due to the simplified fabrication process and economic benefits [4]. Based on the general spin-coating process, the promising chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process prefers to maintain a balance between the grain structure of lead iodide (PbI2 ) and the crystal growth of perovskite films [5,6,7]. Most research on CVD planar PSCs are dedicated to experimental fabrication, characterization and measurement, including various manufacturing processes with low temperature [8,9], low pressure [10,11], compositional engineering [12,13] and utilizing modified devices [14,15]. The non-encapsulation device shows a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE)
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