Abstract
A concise review of the hysteresis in cocurrent down-flow trickle-bed reactors (TBRs) is presented. The effects of several factors on the hysteresis, such as the type of particles (porous/nonporous), the size of the particles, the operating flow ranges, and the start-up conditions (wet/dry) are described. Also, some limited information that is available about the effects of other factors, such as addition of wetting agents (surfactants) and inlet liquid distribution, are also discussed. Empirical and theoretical models developed to predict hysteresis are briefly described. Most of the studies have reported an appreciable amount of hysteresis in key hydrodynamic parameters such as pressure drop, liquid holdup, and wetting efficiency, especially with small packing material (∼1.6−3.5 mm). The hysteresis is attributed to the different degrees of wetting, which occurs because of the flowing of liquid in two different modes, such as film and rivulet. The hysteresis behavior of a packed bed with porous particles...
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