Hypoxic‐ischemic brain injury exacerbates neuronal apoptosis and precipitates spontaneous seizures in glucose transporter isoform 3 heterozygous null mice

Abstract

We examined the effects of 45-min hypoxia (FiO(2) 0.08; Hx) vs. normoxia (FiO(2) 0.21; Nx) on the ipsilateral (Ipsi) and contralateral (Ctrl) sides of the brain in neuronal glucose transporter isoform 3 (Glut3) heterozygous null mice (glut3(+/-)) and their wild-type littermates (WT), undergoing unilateral carotid artery ligation. Glut3(+/-) mice, under Nx, demonstrated a compensatory increase in blood-brain barrier/glial Glut1 protein concentration and a concomitant increase in neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) enzyme activity and Bax protein, with a decrease in procaspase 3 protein (P < 0.05 each). After Hx, reoxygenation in FiO(2) of 0.21 led to no comparable adaptive up-regulation of the ipsilateral brain Glut3 or Glut1 protein at 4 hr and Glut1 at 24 hr in glut3(+/-) vs. WT. These brain Glut changes in glut3(+/-) but not WT mice were associated with an increase in proapoptotic Bax protein and caspase-3 enzyme activity (P < 0.01 each) and a decline in the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and procaspase-3 proteins (P < 0.05 each). Glut3(+/-) mice after Hx demonstrated TUNEL-positive neurons with nuclear pyknosis in most ipsilateral (hypoxic-ischemia) brain regions. A subset (∼55%) of glut3(+/-) mice developed spontaneous seizures after hypoxic-ischemia, confirmed by electroencephalography, but the WT mice remained seizure-free. Pentylenetetrazole testing demonstrated an increased occurrence of longer lasting clinical seizures at a lower threshold in glut3(+/-) vs. WT mice, with no detectable differences in monamine neurotransmitters. We conclude that hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in glut3(+/-) mice exacerbates cellular apoptosis and necrosis and precipitates spontaneous seizures.