Hypoxia: The "Invisible Pusher" of Gut Microbiota.

Ni Han,Ruifu Yang,Bi Yujing,Guangwei Liu,Zhiyuan Pan

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.690600

Ni Han, Ruifu Yang + Show 3 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.690600

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Abstract

Oxygen is important to the human body. Cell survival and operations depend on oxygen. When the body becomes hypoxic, it affects the organs, tissues and cells and can cause irreversible damage. Hypoxia can occur under various conditions, including external environmental hypoxia and internal hypoxia. The gut microbiota plays different roles under hypoxic conditions, and its products and metabolites interact with susceptible tissues. This review was conducted to elucidate the complex relationship between hypoxia and the gut microbiota under different conditions. We describe the changes of intestinal microbiota under different hypoxic conditions: external environment and internal environment. For external environment, altitude was the mayor cause induced hypoxia. With the increase of altitude, hypoxia will become more serious, and meanwhile gut microbiota also changed obviously. Body internal environment also became hypoxia because of some diseases (such as cancer, neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, even COVID-19). In addition to the disease itself, this hypoxia can also lead to changes of gut microbiota. The relationship between hypoxia and the gut microbiota are discussed under these conditions.

Highlights

For human being or animal, there are two kinds of environment: internal environment and external environment (Gao, 2019)
This study suggests that the changes in intestinal microbiota caused by altitude exposure above 5000 m may be related to hypoxia stress (Kleessen et al, 2005)
Japan’s highest medical authority, Hideki Noguchi, stated that “hypoxia is the source of all diseases.”

Summary

INTRODUCTION

For human being or animal, there are two kinds of environment: internal environment and external environment (Gao, 2019). The reduced intestinal peristalsis affects the ability of bacteria to be flushed downward, making it easier for them to colonize the small intestine (Jo et al, 1987) Humans and their gut microbiota maintain a dynamic coexistence and a mutually beneficial relationship, but this relationship will change when exposed to environmental pressure. Other studies (Adak et al, 2013) showed that the total number of anaerobic bacteria in the fecal microbiota of the high altitude group increased, while the total number of aerobic bacteria significantly decreased, and the protease and polyphenol hydrolase produced by different microbial communities were positive, while phosphatase produced negative.

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CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION