Hypoxemia predicts death from severe falciparum malaria among children under 5 years of age in Nigeria: the need for pulse oximetry in case management.

O Adebola,O Babatunde,O Bose

doi:10.4314/ahs.v14i2.16

Abstract

Oxygen saturation is a good marker for disease severity in emergency care. However, studies have not considered its use in identifying individuals infected with Plasmodium falciparum at risk of deaths. To investigate the prevalence and predictive value of hypoxaemia for deaths in under-5s with severe falciparum malaria infection. Oxygen saturation was prospectively measured alongside other indicators of disease severity in 369 under-5s admitted to a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Participants were children in whom falciparum malaria parasitaemia was confirmed with blood film microscopy in the presence of any of the World Health Organization-defined life-threatening features for malaria. Overall mortality rate was 8.1%. Of the 16 indicators of the disease severity assessed, hypoxaemia (OR=7.54; 95% CI=2.80, 20.29), co-morbidity with pneumonia (OR=19.27; 95% CI=2.87, 29.59), metabolic acidosis (OR=6.21; 95% CI=2.21, 17.47) and hypoglycaemia (OR=19.71; 95% CI=2.61, 25.47) were independent predictors of death. Cerebral malaria, male gender, wasting, hypokalaemia, hyponatriaemia, azotaemia and renal impairment were significantly associated with death in univariate analysis but not logistic regression model. Hypoxaemia predicts deaths in Nigerian children with severe malaria, irrespective of other features. Efforts should always be made to measure oxygen saturation as part of the treatments for severe malaria in children.

Highlights

Malaria is a common cause of childhood illness in subSaharan Africa, though recent reports showed that malaria-related deaths have decreased by as much as 30% between 2004 and 20101,2
Specific life-threatening features found among these children were coma/cerebral malaria, CM (n = 81; 22.0%), severe anaemia, severe malarial anaemia (SMA) (n = 201; 54.5%) and others features, OFM (n = 87; 23.6%) including multiple convulsions (n = 47; 12.7%), metabolic acidosis with or without respiratory distress (n = 8; 2.2%), prostration (n = 12; 3.3%), haemoglobinuria
**Weight-for-height, Z-score

Summary

Introduction

Malaria is a common cause of childhood illness in subSaharan Africa, though recent reports showed that malaria-related deaths have decreased by as much as 30% between 2004 and 20101,2. Children suffering from falciparum malaria infection often present with known symptoms and signs of hypoxaemia such as tachypnoea, altered level of consciousness and chest wall in-drawing, to whom oxygen should be administered is still an open question[6,7,8]. It is often difficult for physicians working in resource poor settings, where facilities for objective detection of hypoxaemia, to decide whether oxygen needs to be administered to children with acute falciparum malaria.

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