Hypotonic Challenge of Endothelial Cells Increases Membrane Stiffness with No Effect on Tether Force

Abstract

Regulation of cell volume is a fundamental property of all mammalian cells. Multiple signaling pathways are known to be activated by cell swelling and to contribute to cell volume homeostasis. Although cell mechanics and membrane tension have been proposed to couple cell swelling to signaling pathways, the impact of swelling on cellular biomechanics and membrane tension have yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we use atomic force microscopy under isotonic and hypotonic conditions to measure mechanical properties of endothelial membranes including membrane stiffness, which reflects the stiffness of the submembrane cytoskeleton complex, and the force required for membrane tether formation, reflecting membrane tension and membrane-cytoskeleton attachment. We find that hypotonic swelling results in significant stiffening of the endothelial membrane without a change in membrane tension/membrane-cytoskeleton attachment. Furthermore, depolymerization of F-actin, which, as expected, results in a dramatic decrease in the cellular elastic modulus of both the membrane and the deeper cytoskeleton, indicating a collapse of the cytoskeleton scaffold, does not abrogate swelling-induced stiffening of the membrane. Instead, this swelling-induced stiffening of the membrane is enhanced. We propose that the membrane stiffening should be attributed to an increase in hydrostatic pressure that results from an influx of solutes and water into the cells. Most importantly, our results suggest that increased hydrostatic pressure, rather than changes in membrane tension, could be responsible for activating volume-sensitive mechanisms in hypotonically swollen cells.