Abstract
This article presents the hypothesis that the vacuum is endowed with a quantum structure; the vacuum particles would be Friedmann-Planck micro-universes. For this, the article introduces a quantization of a closed Friedmann universe, then a quantization of the photon spheres filling this universe. This approach gives a numerical value consistent with cosmological measurements for the current dark energy density of our Universe. Next, the article takes the content of a model published in Physics Essays in 2013 [1], assuming that elementary particles are Schwarzschild photon spheres; these could be derived from the Friedmann photon spheres composing the vacuum particles. It is further recalled that the model presents a unified structure of elementary particles and allows us to calculate the value of the elementary electric charge as well as the mass of the elementary particles.
Highlights
The contraction of a homogeneous and isotropic universe such as our own, governed by a Friedmann evolution equation, implies that it passes through a radiative phase dominated by radiation
The article takes the content of a model published in Physics Essays in 2013 [1], assuming that elementary particles are Schwarzschild photon spheres; these could be derived from the Friedmann photon spheres composing the vacuum particles
We presented in Physics Essays [1] a model assuming that elementary particles are self-gravitating photon spheres in a Schwarzschild field
Summary
The contraction of a homogeneous and isotropic universe such as our own, governed by a Friedmann evolution equation, implies that it passes through a radiative phase dominated by radiation. Our hypothesis is developed by writing a Schrödinger equation of the Friedmann universe starting from the equation of evolution in general relativity It results in a quantization whose fundamental state is characterized by a radius, an energy, and a density of energy close to the corresponding Planck units. The article proceeds to a quantization of the photons of the FriedmannPlanck micro-universe studied previously, which shows that the photons are structured in concentric spheres, later called Fp-spheres The number of these spheres is calculated by comparing their cumulative total energy and the energy of the Friedmann-Planck micro-universe. That article developed the hypothesis that the elementary particles consist of spheres of self-gravitating photons in a Schwarzschild field (later called Sp-spheres) This approach makes it both possible to calculate the value of the elementary electric charge and to propose a representation of all the elementary particles, as well as hypothetical sterile neutrinos. Two papers published in Physics Essays [3] and in Nova Science Publisher [4] propose a derived model for calculating the masses of the charged leptons for the first and those of all the elementary particles for the second; see a summary presentation of this model in the Appendices
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