Hypothermia and injury

Abstract

Recent studies demonstrating that mild therapeutic hypothermia can improve the outcome from several ischemic and traumatic insults have led to increased interest in the potential benefits of hypothermia after injury. Previous clinical studies, however, have suggested that hypothermia is detrimental to trauma patients. This most likely is a result of differences in the physiologic effects between uncontrolled exposure hypothermia and controlled therapeutic hypothermia. The laboratory and clinical data regarding traumatic hemorrhagic shock and hypothermia are presented, as well as a novel approach to the patient with exsanguinating trauma: suspended animation. Therapeutic hypothermia for traumatic brain injury is discussed. Laboratory studies of hemorrhagic shock demonstrate improved survival with mild hypothermia. For the first time, this was shown in a study in a large animal outcome model of hemorrhagic shock with trauma and intensive care. Because clinical studies continue to suggest an association between the development of hypothermia and worse outcomes in trauma patients, clinicians are continuing efforts to prevent and treat hypothermia. For exsanguination cardiac arrest, laboratory studies have demonstrated the feasibility of inducing hypothermic preservation via a rapid aortic flush (suspended animation). For traumatic brain injury, the most recent clinical trial did not show an overall benefit, but it seems that patients who arrive mildly hypothermic have better outcomes if hypothermia is maintained. The dichotomy between laboratory findings that show a benefit of hypothermia and clinical findings that suggest detrimental effects remains difficult to explain. For now, preventing hypothermia remains prudent. Suspended animation seems promising for patients with exsanguinating trauma. Clinical trials of mild hypothermia during hemorrhagic shock and suspended animation for exsanguination are indicated. Clinical trials of hypothermia for traumatic brain injury are in progress.