Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and its relationship to the autonomic nervous system in women with visceral and subcutaneous obesity: Effects of the corticotropin-releasing factor/arginine-vasopressin test and of stress

Abstract

In a previous study, we demonstrated that premenopausal women with visceral obesity have hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, characterized by an exaggerated hormone response to corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and corticotropin (ACTH) stimulation. The hypothalamic peptide flow that stimulates the pituitary, particularly after a physiological stress challenge, involves not only CRF, but also arginine-vasopressin (AVP), which synergizes the CRF capacity to stimulate pituitary hormone secretion. Previous studies in humans have demonstrated that combining AVP with CRF permits maximal stimulation of the pituitary, providing a more appropriate method of assessing pituitary hormone reserve. We therefore investigated the response of the HPA axis to combined CRF and AVP stimuli in obese women with different obesity phenotypes. Moreover, we examined hormonal and cardiovascular responses to several mental stress tasks, according to previously standardized procedures. Two groups of age-matched premenopausal eumenorrheic obese women with visceral (V-BFD) or subcutaneous (S-BFD) body fat distribution and a group of normal-weight healthy controls were investigated. All women randomly underwent the following protocol: (1) a combined CRF/AVP test (100 μg plus 0.3 IU intravenously [IV], respectively); (2) a standardized stress test, which consisted of completing two puzzles and a mental arithmetic test; and (3) a control saline test. Blood samples for ACTH and cortisol determinations were obtained before and during each test, and measurements of arterial blood pressure and pulse rate were made at regular intervals during the stress test. After combined CRF/AVP administration, ACTH and cortisol were significantly higher in V-BFD than in the other two groups. In contrast, no significant hormonal variation was found in either group during stress tasks. During the stress test, pulse rate (but not arterial blood pressure) significantly increased after 8 and 15 minutes in the V-BFD group, whereas no significant variation was found in S-BFD and control women. A significant correlation was present between the pulse rate and change in cortisol level during the stress test at minutes 8 ( r = .54, P < .05) and 15 ( r = .57, P < .01) in all women considered together. Subjective emotional involvement during stressful tasks was measured by a two-dimensional short verbal scale, which revealed that the stress section had a more significant impact in obese V-BFD than in S-BFD and control women. These data therefore confirm that women with visceral obesity have hyperactivity of the HPA axis, and that the combined CRF/AVP stimulation may offer a good tool for investigating pituitary reserve in this obesity phenotype. Moreover, the results indicate that these women probably have a hyperreactive sympathetic response to acute stress that seems interrelated to that of the HPA axis.