Abstract
The regulation of food intake in fish is a complex process carried out through several different mechanisms in the central nervous system (CNS) with hypothalamus being the main regulatory center. As in mammals, a complex hypothalamic circuit including two populations of neurons: one co-expressing neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and the second one population co-expressing pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is involved in the integration of information relating to food intake control. The production and release of these peptides control food intake, and the production results from the integration of information of different nature such as levels of nutrients and hormones as well as circadian signals. The present review summarizes the knowledge and recent findings about the presence and functioning of these mechanisms in fish and their differences vs. the known mammalian model.
Highlights
Food intake is regulated through positive and negative loops acting at different locations and at different times (Langhans and Scharrer, 1992; Langhans, 1999)
The control determining the feeding behavior and food intake is elicited by the central nervous system (CNS) through various pathways, and hypothalamus is the main center involved in such regulation (Schwartz et al, 2000; Berthoud, 2002)
The mRNA of neuropeptide Y (NPY), Agouti-related peptide (AgRP), POMC, and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) was detected in brain of different fish species in areas analogous to those of mammals (Cerdá-Reverter and Canosa, 2009), and changes in mRNA abundance related to food intake control (Volkoff et al, 2009)
Summary
Food intake is regulated through positive and negative loops acting at different locations and at different times (Langhans and Scharrer, 1992; Langhans, 1999). The neurons coexpressing NPY/AgRP or POMC/CART are included in these circuits, and respond with decreased or increased peptide expression, respectively, to rises in circulating levels of glucose, fatty acids, or amino acids (Mobbs et al, 2005; Blouet and Schwartz, 2010; Efeyan et al, 2015). Fish fed with high-carbohydrate diets, or with glucose levels raised through IP or ICV treatments, displayed a decreased food intake, as demonstrated studies carried out in rainbow trout, goldfish, and tilapia.
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