Hypotensive endovascular test occlusion of the carotid artery in head and neck cancer

Abstract

To evaluate the reliability of balloon test occlusion with hypotensive challenge (BTO and HC) as a predictor of neurological complications before internal carotid artery (ICA) sacrifice in patients with advanced head and neck cancer, the authors retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients presenting to their institutions between 1992 and 1997 in whom this preoperative assessment was performed. Eleven patents who were candidates for extended comprehensive neck dissection (ECND) and potential ICA sacrifice were included in the study. Eight patients tolerated the test and underwent endovascular occlusion or surgical ligation of the ICA before ECND (four patients), preservation of the ICA at the time of surgery (three patients), or palliative therapy (one patient). Of three patients in whom BTO and HC failed, one patient received palliative treatment only; the other two underwent ECND with preservation of the ICA. In the group of patients who passed the test and underwent ICA occlusion or ligation before ECND, fatal thromboembolic stroke occurred within 24 hours of permanent balloon occlusion in one patient, resulting in a combined neurological morbidity/mortality rate of 25% in this subset of patients and an overall complication rate of 9% in this series. The authors found that BTO and HC offers a simple and reliable method of preoperative risk assessment when ICA resection is planned for regional control of disease in advanced head and neck cancer. This management option, however, is associated with a potential for neurological complication that must be weighed against the natural course of the disease and the risks and benefits of other treatment modalities.