Hypoplastic model with an inner memory surface for sand under cyclic loading

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We propose a hypoplastic model for granular soil using the memory surface notion to consider the stress history. This paper aims to resolve the limitations of the hypoplastic model that are rooted in the neglected memory impacts. First, we make use of the intergranular strain concept in conjunction with a reference hypoplastic model to present a simple model accounting for cyclic loading. Further, by integrating the memory concept into the hypoplastic model using intergranular strain, we present a new hypoplastic model that can recall the strain and stress history. The memory surface is derived from the constitutive model employing a definition of dissipation energy. The loading criterion based on the dissipation surface improves the model’s performance in predicting cyclic loading. Finally, the performance of our models is compared based on laboratory tests.