Abstract
Low-fat diets, lipid-modifying nutraceuticals and a higher level of physical activity are often recommended to reduce dyslipidemia. A double-blind, randomized, crossover, controlled trial was designed to evaluate the independent and synergistic effects of Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima supplementation (4.5 g·day−1) with or without performing a physical exercise program (PEP: aerobic exercise (3 days·week−1) + high-intensity interval training (2 days·week−1)) on blood lipids and BMI of 52 sedentary men with excess body weight. During six weeks, all participants were assigned to four intervention treatments (Spirulina maxima with PEP (SE), placebo with PEP (Ex), Spirulina maxima without PEP (Sm), placebo without PEP (C; control)) and plasma lipids were evaluated spectrophotometrically pre- vs. post intervention in stratified subgroups (overweight, obese and dyslipidemic subjects). Pre/post comparisons showed significant reductions in all plasma lipids in the SE group, particularly in those with dyslipidemia (p ≤ 0.043). Comparing the final vs. the initial values, BMI, total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were decreased. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased in all treatment groups compared to C. Changes were observed mostly in SE interventions, particularly in dyslipidemic subjects (p < 0.05). Spirulina maxima supplementation enhances the hypolipidemic effect of a systematic PEP in men with excess body weight and dyslipidemia.
Highlights
Dyslipidemia is an abnormal clinical condition characterized by the altered level of one or more plasma lipids, including but not restricted to total (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) cholesterol and triglycerides (TG)
We hypothesize that S. maxima intake with or without a systematic physical exercise program will decrease the body mass index (BMI) while improving plasma lipids in male patients with overweight and obesity
Mani et al [17] studied the effect of Spirulina supplementation (2 g·day−1 ) during two months on the serum lipid profile of 15 patients affected by type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM), resulting in a significant reduction of TG, TC, LDL-C, and free fatty acid in blood concentrations
Summary
Dyslipidemia is an abnormal clinical condition characterized by the altered level of one or more plasma lipids, including but not restricted to total (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) cholesterol and triglycerides (TG). Moderate physical activity alone is not effective to lose weight or body fat [6] but systematic exercise programs based in high-intensity protocols reduces CVD risk and dyslipidemia [7]. Kata et al [13] reported reduced levels of TC, TG and LDL-C in hypercholesterolemic rabbits These studies were conducted in animal models and their results cannot be extrapolated to humans, and clinical studies conducted in humans are still very scarce [14]. This study aimed to assess the independent and synergistic effect of S. maxima supplementation (4.5 g·day−1 ) and the practice of systematic physical exercise on plasma lipid levels in young subjects with overweight, obesity or defined dyslipidemia. We hypothesize that S. maxima intake with or without a systematic physical exercise program will decrease the BMI while improving plasma lipids in male patients with overweight and obesity
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