Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a worldwide prevalent disease that is due to a progressive loss of adequate β-cell insulin secretion, frequently against a background of insulin resistance. In Mexican traditional medicine, the therapeutic use of hypoglycemic plants to control the disease is a common practice among type 2 diabetic patients. In the present work, we examined the traditional use of the aerial parts of Eryngium longifolium and the rhizome of Alsophila firma, consumed by people use over the day (in fasting state) to control their blood glucose levels, therefore, we aimed to assess the acute hypoglycemic effect of both plants. First, basic phytochemical profiles of both plants were determined and, subsequently, acute toxicity tests were carried out. Then, in vivo hypoglycemic tests were performed in streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA) induced hyperglycemic Wistar rats and finally the effect of the plants on three enzymes involved in glucose metabolism was assayed in vitro. Through HPLC-DAD chromatography, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid, isoflavones, and glycosylated flavonoids were identified in E. longifolium, while the possible presence of flavanones or dihydroflavonols was reported in A. firma. Both plants exhibited a statistically significant hypoglycemic effect, without a dose-dependent effect. Furthermore, they inhibited glucose 6-phosphatase and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase in in vitro assays, which could be associated with the hypoglycemic effect in vivo. Thus, this study confirmed for the first time the traditional use of the aerial part of E. longifolium and the rhizome of A. firma as hypoglycemic agents in a hyperglycemic animal model. In addition, it was concluded that their ability to regulate hyperglycemia could involve the inhibition of hepatic glucose output, which mainly controls glucose levels in the fasting state.
Highlights
Traditional medicine (TM), as defined by the Word Health Organization (WHO), includes medication therapies that involve the use of herbal medicines, animal parts and/or minerals; the term is used to refer to various forms of indigenous medicine [1]
The American Diabetes Association (ADA) states that type 2 diabetes (T2D) is due to a progressive loss of adequate β-cell insulin secretion, frequently on the background of insulin resistance, which manifests clinically as hyperglycemia
According to the information obtained from the specialists, sellers, and diabetic patients, the traditional use of E. longifolium by the patients from the town of Tlanchinol and patients who visit the Huejutla de Reyes market to control their blood glucose levels was confirmed
Summary
Traditional medicine (TM), as defined by the Word Health Organization (WHO), includes medication therapies that involve the use of herbal medicines, animal parts and/or minerals; the term is used to refer to various forms of indigenous medicine [1]. In T2D patients, two sources that contribute to raise blood glucose levels are food ingestion, which increases glucose levels in postprandial state, and the liver glucose output, which promotes high glucose levels in the fasting state In these metabolic terms of species richness with the presence of all the climates of the planet [8]. Around 30 million people live in rural areas, about 12 million belong to one of the 86 ethnolinguistic indigenous groups that make up about 10% of the population [9], and 80% of the population are poor or vulnerable (due to social deprivation or low income) [10] These aspects, combined with the richness in medicinal plants and the large number of ethnic groups2,of 15 makes Mexico an important source of traditionally used medicinal plants. It is calculated that mEroyrnegthiuamn 6l0on00gipfollainutms aCreavu.se(dApfoiracmeaede)ic(iFniaglupruerp1oa)s,esw. hMicohreiosvnera,taivroeuanndd30enmdiellmioinc pteoople Mexliicvoe, iisn aruhrearlbaroefaus,patboou3tm12inmhileliiognhtbweliothngsitmo polnee, loofbtehde, 8o6r septhinnyo-ltionogtuhiesdtictoinldinigeeanr ous leavegsr,ovuaprsietdhavtemnaatkieonu,pflaobwoeurt i1n0%braocfttehdehpeoapdusl,aatniodng[l9o]b, aonsedo8r0%ovoofidthferupiot p[1u1l]a.tIionnaadrdei-poor tion otrovbuelinnegraubsleed(diunetthoestorceiaatlmdeepnrtivoaftdioinaboertelosw, itinhcaosmael)so[1b0]e.eTnhreespeoarstpeedctass, caomdibuirneetdic,with emmtheneargicohgnuees,sainndmaeldeixciitnearilcpl[a1n2t]s. aMnodretheinlfaorrgmeantuiomnboefr othf eethpnlainc tgrcoaunpsb,emfaokuensdMaetxico httpsa:n//eimncpicolrotvanidt as.omuxrc/eesopfetcriaeds/i1ti7o1n1a6l3ly-eurysendgimumed-liocinngailfoplliaunmts. (Cacocnessisdeorning25thSeehpitgehmabmerount 2021o).f T2D patients, the perfect combination is presented for the exploration and study of tOrandtithieonoathlleyruhsaenddh, Ayplsoogphlyilcaefmirmicap(lBaanktse.r)HDe.nSc.Ce,otnwaontp(lCanytasthuesaecdeaine)th(Feigmuureni1cbip) iasliatnies of arboTrelasncecnhtinfeorlnanwditHh supeijnuytlastdeme Rs euypetso(H10idmalhgiog)h, ,loycealltoewd iisnhc-benrotrwalnMinecxoicloor,,wweirtehsaeblelcatdeed for up toth3is.3s×tu1d.5y.mBo, 2th-ppinlannattsew-peirnenaaltriefiadd.yItrecpanorbteedfobuynoduirngtreomuppearsahteypanodglyhcuemmiidc fsopreecsitess. bItased someotnimperesvpioruesseentthsnaodpvheanrmtitaiocoulsogbiucdals,fievledinwsowrkit[h3o]u. t trichomes or with few irregular daba(anbracoorcuwkue/Mlaemetsn/smdsaqebtedv[hmoxuon1ieeinta,Ec1ceismiov]orn,2pc.yne,l5aluvSonraigtaclSyvsgnoeoareiitsadidglupbeeaecumatedhsealt.ieiemnmfnc,tlvrrohgaaboxebnbten/mnueegeioder,rasiffsetfft2boapilohudlo0ealuieepee2unsicnxnte1fm,iitrdie)noattofl.sehgCbn/oa3readatiw1acxmtv7tshrie.1[aematr11iatl(r2nlp6aAtiey]nm3st.;hpuu:-/gMeeebir/sanrieliergotycontadybehnrcco,aeotttigfucoeesiwidld)suenosuiim(ftvatthFoaoohbi-lreipdleglmsaysoatuuhdien.amgmbressgtel,gm,ipaixoilf1abt/loooneeanrhbrl,s)oirdoaou,plhufsosmweagsetbac,ghlhileio(deeseniadbosscidcp,a/hoc[1buplos1e5aeisehr3ss1neis]aa2snot.nnnpo5rMcaron4,iaetnou-wionp2avyvsr5oli-ebeostttrhoSeoiotaideepnonfoypdhoftdrfeohtuiraellrwueleansmmodin-idtawftbadiht[rdateoieo1imsrtiom1uhulh2nai]-trni.0tect2etpI1atincso)r:,
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