Hypoglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Hypoglycemia is a common problem in patients with type 1 diabetes and can be asymptomatic, mild, and severe. Despite therapeutic approaches and technological advances, hypoglycemia continues to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients. Impairment in counterregulatory defense mechanisms and unawareness of hypoglycemia are the main risk factors for hypoglycemia. Recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia cause an awareness of hypoglycemia and defective counter-regulation, resulting in hypoglycemia-associated autonomic deficiency (HAAF) syndrome. Efforts are needed to prevent hypoglycemia, and approaches include glucose monitoring, patient education, and medication adjustment. Advances in technology, such as insulin pumps and devices that allow continuous glucose monitoring, can significantly reduce the risk of hypoglycemia in patients when used appropriately.