Hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy in Spetzler Martin grades 4 and 5 arteriovenous malformations in the pediatric population: Is it a viable alternative?

Abstract

To analyze the outcomes of hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (HFSRT) for Spetzler Martin grades 4 and 5 arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in a pediatric population. Fourteen patients with Spetzler Martin (SM) grades IV and V large AVMs who underwent HFSRT between January 2013 and July 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. All patients received HFSRT at a dose of 30-36Gy in 5 to 6 fractions. They were followed up annually with clinical and imaging assessments to evaluate obliteration rates. The median age at presentation was 15years (range 8-21years). Ten (71%) were SM grade 4 AVMs and the rest were SM grade 5 AVMs. The majority presented with headache (8 [57%]), and 3 (21%) presented with bleeding. The median nidus volume was 39.4cc (IQR, 31.4-52.4). Two (14%) patients had infratentorial AVMs. All of them had deep venous drainage. The median clinical follow-up duration was 75months (range 31-107months). There was complete obliteration of the nidus in 3 (21%) patients with a median time to obliteration of 39months. HFSRT resulted in a reduction of the AVM volume to 12cc or less in nearly 70% of patients. None of the patients experienced re-bleeding. 79% reported an improvement in their symptoms. HFSRT is a highly effective treatment for high-grade AVMs in children, which can result in either complete elimination or significant reduction of the nidus volume or make it suitable for additional treatment, such as single-session stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS).