Abstract
In 1977 submarine thermal springs were detected and reported to “be populated by animal communities […] suggested to utilize chemosynthesis by sulfur-oxidizing bacteria to derive their entire energy supply from reactions between the seawater and the rocks at high temperatures, rather than photosynthesis” [1]. Subsequent analyses identified hyperthermophilic microorganisms in chimney structures, today named black smokers, which meanwhile have been found worldwide in submarine hydrothermal vent areas.
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