Abstract
Researchers have studied oil spills in open waters using remote sensors, but few have focused on extracting reflectance features of oil pollution on sea ice. An experiment was conducted on natural sea ice in Bohai Bay, China, to obtain the spectral reflectance of oil-contaminated sea ice. The spectral absorption index (SAI), spectral peak height (SPH), and wavelet detail coefficient (DWT d5) were calculated using stepwise multiple linear regression. The reflectances of some false targets were measured and analysed. The simulated false targets were sediment, iron ore fines, coal dust, and the melt pool. The measured reflectances were resampled using five common sensors (GF-2, Landsat8-OLI, Sentinel3-OLCI, MODIS, and AVIRIS). Some significant spectral features could discriminate between oil-polluted and clean sea ice. The indices correlated well with the oil area fractions. All of the adjusted R2 values exceeded 0.9. The SPH model1, based on spectral features at 507–670 and 1627–1746 nm, displayed the best fitting. The resampled data indicated that these multi-spectral and hyper-spectral sensors could be used to detect crude oil on the sea ice if the effect of noise and spatial resolution are neglected. The spectral features and their identified changes may provide reference on sensor design and band selection.
Highlights
The ice-covered area in the Arctic is declining annually because of global warming
Given that intensity [10], we extracted the spectral characteristics of the sea ice polluted by oil, sediment, coal the absolute reflectance may vary with the differences in observation geometry or illumination dust, iron ore fines, and a melt pool
We analysed the relationship between the spectral features intensity [10], we extracted the spectral characteristics of the sea ice polluted by oil, sediment, coal dust, iron ore fines, and a melt pool
Summary
The ice-covered area in the Arctic is declining annually because of global warming. A large amount of oil, natural gas, and other resources are buried under the seabed and land in the Arctic. The United States, Russia, and other countries conduct deep-sea drilling for oil and gas resources in this region [1,2]. In the northern waters of China, large oil fields, such as Liaohe and Dagang, are distributed in the Bohai. The sea ice formed in this region constitutes the southern margin of the frozen sea area in the northern hemisphere. The Liaodong Bay has the longest glaciation, followed by Bohai Bay. Offshore shallow water areas are significantly impacted by sea ice formation, and offshore oil production in the Jidong, Dagang, and Liaohe Oilfields is mainly concentrated in those areas
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