Abstract
The measurement of soil total nitrogen (TN) by hyperspectral remote sensing provides an important tool for soil restoration programs in areas with subsided land caused by the extraction of natural resources. This study used the local correlation maximization-complementary superiority method (LCMCS) to establish TN prediction models by considering the relationship between spectral reflectance (measured by an ASD FieldSpec 3 spectroradiometer) and TN based on spectral reflectance curves of soil samples collected from subsided land which is determined by synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) technology. Based on the 1655 selected effective bands of the optimal spectrum (OSP) of the first derivate differential of reciprocal logarithm ([log{1/R}]′), (correlation coefficients, p < 0.01), the optimal model of LCMCS method was obtained to determine the final model, which produced lower prediction errors (root mean square error of validation [RMSEV] = 0.89, mean relative error of validation [MREV] = 5.93%) when compared with models built by the local correlation maximization (LCM), complementary superiority (CS) and partial least squares regression (PLS) methods. The predictive effect of LCMCS model was optional in Cangzhou, Renqiu and Fengfeng District. Results indicate that the LCMCS method has great potential to monitor TN in subsided lands caused by the extraction of natural resources including groundwater, oil and coal.
Highlights
In recent years, land subsidence caused by the extraction of natural resources such as groundwater [1,2], oil [3] and coal [4,5] has created severe and widespread hazards in China, resulting in new ecological and environmental issues such as soil degradation and loss of biodiversity
The nitrogen cycle processes transform nitrogen from one form to another [6,7], monitoring of total nitrogen (TN) plays an important role in soil restoration programs, which has stirred the interest of many scholars and recently resulted in a series of achievements [8,9]
The subsidence deformation data of Cangzhou and Renqiu were obtained by permanently scattered interferometric synthetic aperture radar technology [62], while data for Fengfeng District were captured by differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry technology [63]
Summary
Land subsidence caused by the extraction of natural resources such as groundwater [1,2], oil [3] and coal [4,5] has created severe and widespread hazards in China, resulting in new ecological and environmental issues such as soil degradation and loss of biodiversity. Nitrogen is necessary for all known forms of life on Earth, being present in the environment in a wide variety of chemical forms including organic nitrogen, ammonium, nitrite and nitrate. The nitrogen cycle processes transform nitrogen from one form to another [6,7], monitoring of TN plays an important role in soil restoration programs, which has stirred the interest of many scholars and recently resulted in a series of achievements [8,9]. Most successful approaches are based on traditional chemical testing methods, which tend to be time consuming, laborious, and expensive [10]. Researchers have sought real-time methods for monitoring of TN content of soils
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