Abstract
In this work, a new design for a real-time noninvasive metamaterial sensor, based on a corona-shaped resonator, is proposed. The sensor was designed numerically and fabricated experimentally in order to be utilized for efficient detection of glucose in aqueous solutions such as water and blood. The sensor was inspired by a corona in-plane-shaped design with the presumption that its circular structure might produce a broader interaction of the electromagnetic waves with the glucose samples. A clear shift in the resonance frequency was observed for various glucose samples, which implies that the proposed sensor has a good sensitivity and can be easily utilized to distinguish any glucose concentration, even though their dielectric coefficients are close. Results showed a superior performance in terms of resonance frequency shift (1.51 GHz) and quality factor (246) compared to those reported in the literature. The transmission variation level ∆|S21| was investigated for glucose concentration in both water and blood. The sensing mechanism was elaborated through the surface current, electric field and magnetic field distributions on the corona resonator. The proposed metamaterials sensor is considered to be a promising candidate for biosensor and medicine applications in human glycaemia monitoring.
Highlights
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.license.Glucose biosensors have been long used in biology, chemistry, food processing and diabetes diagnosis [1,2]
This study showed that the designed antenna had a narrow bandwidth in air, while the bandwidth was increased to 2.6 GHz for simulation when a finger was used
The results show a linear relationship between the resonance frequency shift and the glucose concentration in the solution
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. 1–8 GHz were derived theoretically from Debye’s equation, Equations (4) and (5), after real and imaginary parts of the complex permittivity for upon different glucose–water estimating the following parameters, Equations (6)–(8), the ratios curve of fitting of the exshowed a good agreement between the measured values and theoretically extracted ones perimental data.
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