Hyperoxia Elevates Adrenic Acid Peroxidation in Marine Fish and Is Associated with Reproductive Pheromone Mediators

Ming Chung,Thierry Durand,Jean-Marie Galano,Jetty Lee,Camille Oger

doi:10.3390/md13042215

Abstract

The development of oxidative stress in the marine ecosystem is a concurring concern in fish reproductive behavior. Marine fish being rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are precursors of prostaglandin pheromone mediators but also vulnerable to lipid peroxidation. It is yet to be determined if hypoxia or hyperoxia environment, a cumulative effect in the marine ecosystem affect pheromone mediators in fish, and to understand if this is associated with the generation of oxidized lipid products of PUFA. Novel oxidized lipid metabolites, isoprostanoids (15-F2t-isoprostane, 7(RS)-7-F2t-dihomo-isoprostane, 17(RS)-17-F2t-dihomo-isoprostane, 8-F3t-isoprostane, 4(RS)-4-F4t-neuroprostane, 10-F4t-neuroprostane), isofuranoids (isofurans, 10-epi-17(RS)-SC-Δ15-11-dihomo-isofuran and neurofurans), hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids and resolvins, PUFA (arachidonic, adrenic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids) and prostaglandin pheromone mediators in fish muscle were determined in marine male and female fish muscles before and after interaction in a hypoxia or hyperoxia environment. Reproductive behaviors were also assessed. Our study showed oxidized lipid metabolites of arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids were not influenced by hypoxia and hyperoxia exposure in the fishes and no gender differences were found. However, adrenic acid and its oxidized products, 17(RS)-17-F2t-dihomo-isoprostane and 10-epi-17(RS)-SC-Δ15-11-dihomo-isofuran showed strong correspondence with male fish pheromone mediators and reproductive behavior when under oxidative stress especially, hyperoxia. The occurrence of hypoxia and hyperoxia in the marine ecosystem may not be detrimental to marine fish and instead presents as being beneficial in reproductive behavior.

Highlights

The occurrence of oxidative stress by means of hypoxia and hyperoxia is a common phenomenon in the marine ecosystem and under adverse conditions such as climate change and environmental contaminants
Despite marine fish being rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), in particular docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), it is unclear if hypoxia and hyperoxia conditions lead to lipid peroxidation
Exposure to hypoxia or hyperoxia to the fishes did not affect the generation of the pheromone mediator PGF2α and the derivatives 15-keto-PGF2α and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2α (Figure 1) in fish muscles

Summary

Introduction

The occurrence of oxidative stress by means of hypoxia and hyperoxia is a common phenomenon in the marine ecosystem and under adverse conditions such as climate change and environmental contaminants. Hypoxia condition in the marine ecosystem leads to excessive growth of some toxic algae and disrupts sex hormone concentrations [1]. An overgrowth of these algae leads to death and accumulation of organic matter by bacterial decomposition, and causes oxygen depletion [1,2,3]. Despite marine fish being rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), in particular docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), it is unclear if hypoxia and hyperoxia conditions lead to lipid peroxidation. Exposure to chemical oxidants of marine fish acutely depleted PUFA and prostaglandin-F2α (PGF2α) from arachidonic acid (AA), and elevated non-enzymatic oxidized lipid products mainly related to PGF2α namely F2-isoprostanes from AA, F3-isoprostanes from EPA, F4-isoprostanes

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion