Abstract
Inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP) proteins contribute to cell death resistance in malignancies and emerged as promising targets in cancer therapy. Currently, small molecules mimicking the IAP-antagonizing activity of endogenous second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (SMAC) are evaluated in phase 1/2 clinical trials. In cancer cells, SMAC mimetic (SM)-mediated IAP depletion induces tumor necrosis factor (TNF) secretion and simultaneously sensitizes for TNF-induced cell death. However, tumor cells lacking SM-induced autocrine TNF release survive and thus limit therapeutic efficacy. Here, we show that hyperosmotic stress boosts SM cytotoxicity in human and murine cells through hypertonicity-induced upregulation of TNF with subsequent induction of apoptosis and/or necroptosis. Hypertonicity allowed robust TNF-dependent killing in SM-treated human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells, which under isotonic conditions resisted SM treatment due to poor SM-induced TNF secretion. Mechanistically, hypertonicity-triggered TNF release bypassed the dependency on SM-induced TNF production to execute SM cytotoxicity, effectively reducing the role of SM to TNF-sensitizing, but not necessarily TNF-inducing agents. Perspectively, these findings could extend the clinical application of SM.
Highlights
Inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP) proteins contribute to cell death resistance in malignancies and emerged as promising targets in cancer therapy
Overexpression of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) contributes to the onset of cancer and drug resistance,[1,2] which stimulated the development of SMAC mimetics (SM): small IAP-binding molecules mimicking the IAP-antagonizing activity of endogenous second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (SMAC)
SM free caspases from X-linked IAP (XIAP)-mediated inhibition and trigger degradation of cIAP1/2, which is death promoting in two interdependent ways: it initiates autocrine secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and concomitantly undermines the function of cIAP1/2 to counteract TNF-induced TNFreceptor 1 (TNFR1)-mediated cytotoxicity.[3,4,5,6,7]
Summary
Inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP) proteins contribute to cell death resistance in malignancies and emerged as promising targets in cancer therapy. Hypertonicity-triggered TNF release bypassed the dependency on SM-induced TNF production to execute SM cytotoxicity, effectively reducing the role of SM to TNF-sensitizing, but not necessarily TNF-inducing agents. These findings could extend the clinical application of SM. Aside from SM-triggered activation of the non-canonical NFκB pathway, a plethora of stimuli can induce cellular TNF production.[11] Here, we show that hyperosmotic stress boosts SM cytotoxicity in human and murine cells through hypertonicity-induced upregulation of TNF with subsequent initiation of apoptotic and/or necroptotic cell death. Our findings could extend the clinical application of SM
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