Abstract
The abnormal environment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) leads to a substantial decrease in osteogenic function of stem cells. However, the gene sequence does not vary before and after disease for the patient. This phenomenon may be related to changes in osteogenesis-related gene expression caused by DNA methylation. In this study, we established T2DM models to extract adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) for different gene identifications through DNA methylation sequencing. Specific fragments of methylation changes in the target gene (Calca) were identified by IGV analysis. CGRP was applied to compare the effects on ASCs-T2DM morphology via phalloidin staining, proliferation through CCK-8 assay, and osteogenic differentiation with osteogenic staining, qPCR, and repair of calvarial defect. Furthermore, 5-azacytidine (5-az) was used to intervene ASCs-T2DM to verify the relationship between the methylation level of the target fragment and expression of Calca. We found that the DNA methylation level of target fragment of Calca in ASCs-T2DM was higher than that in ASCs-C. CGRP intervention showed that it did not change the morphology of ASCs-T2DM but could improve proliferation within a certain range. Meanwhile, it could significantly enhance the formation of ALP and calcium nodules in ASCs-T2DM, increase the expression of osteogenesis-related genes in vitro, and promote the healing of calvarial defects of T2DM rat in a concentration-dependent manner. 5-az intervention indicated that the reduction of the methylation level in Calca target fragment of ASCs-T2DM indeed escalated the gene expression, which may be related to DNMT1. Taken together, the environment of T2DM could upregulate the methylation level in the promoter region of Calca and then decrease the Calca expression. The coding product of Calca revealed a promoting role for osteogenic differentiation of ASCs-T2DM. This result provides an implication for us to understand the mechanism of the decreased osteogenic ability of ASCs-T2DM and improve its osteogenic capacity.
Highlights
Mesenchymal stem cells with the ability of multidirectional differentiation and self-renewal have been employed to repair and regenerate damaged tissues and organs, for instance, to speed up the healing process of bone and soft tissue trauma in diabetic patients [1]
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and adiposederived stem cells (ASCs) exhibit a promising prospect for regenerative therapies
Mesenchymal stem cells with advantages of self-renewal and multidirectional differentiation are widely used to improve the osteogenesis of diabetic individuals, which have been confirmed by many studies [15, 16]
Summary
Mesenchymal stem cells with the ability of multidirectional differentiation and self-renewal have been employed to repair and regenerate damaged tissues and organs, for instance, to speed up the healing process of bone and soft tissue trauma in diabetic patients [1]. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and ASCs exhibit a promising prospect for regenerative therapies. Compared with BMSCs, ASCs are most widely used with simple clinical acquisition, little suffering, better proliferative potential and multidirectional differentiation, and more suitable for the standard culture environment [3, 4]. T2DM is a typical metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia, abnormal insulin and cytokine levels, and oxidative stress.
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