Abstract
ABSTRACTHypersexual disorder (HD) was proposed as a diagnosis in the DSM-5 and the classification ‘Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder’ is now presented as an impulse-control disorder in ICD-11. HD incorporates several pathophysiological mechanisms; including impulsivity, compulsivity, sexual desire dysregulation and sexual addiction. No previous study investigated HD in a methylation analysis limited to microRNA (miRNA) associated CpG-sites. The genome wide methylation pattern was measured in whole blood from 60 subjects with HD and 33 healthy volunteers using the Illumina EPIC BeadChip. 8,852 miRNA associated CpG-sites were investigated in multiple linear regression analyses of methylation M-values to a binary independent variable of disease state (HD or healthy volunteer), adjusting for optimally determined covariates. Expression levels of candidate miRNAs were investigated in the same individuals for differential expression analysis. Candidate methylation loci were further studied for an association with alcohol dependence in an independent cohort of 107 subjects. Two CpG-sites were borderline significant in HD – cg18222192 (MIR708)(p < 10E-05,pFDR = 5.81E-02) and cg01299774 (MIR4456)(p < 10E-06, pFDR = 5.81E-02). MIR4456 was significantly lower expressed in HD in both univariate (p < 0.0001) and multivariate (p < 0.05) analyses. Cg01299774 methylation levels were inversely correlated with expression levels of MIR4456 (p < 0.01) and were also differentially methylated in alcohol dependence (p = 0.026). Gene target prediction and pathway analysis revealed that MIR4456 putatively targets genes preferentially expressed in brain and that are involved in major neuronal molecular mechanisms thought to be relevant for HD, e.g., the oxytocin signalling pathway. In summary, our study implicates a potential contribution of MIR4456 in the pathophysiology of HD by putatively influencing oxytocin signalling.
Highlights
Hypersexual disorder (HD) was conceptualized as a non-paraphilic sexual behaviour disorder with impulsivity content and proposed as a diagnosis for inclusion in the DSM-5 [1]
In the Discovery cohort, comprising 60 patients diagnosed with hypersexual disorder (HD) and 33 healthy volunteers, we initially aimed to identify miRNA genes in proximity of CpG-sites, in which modifications of the epigenetic profile are associated with HD
In a DNA methylation association analysis in peripheral blood, we identify distinct CpG-sites associated with MIR708 and MIR4456 that are significantly differentially methylated in HD patients
Summary
Hypersexual disorder (HD) was conceptualized as a non-paraphilic sexual behaviour disorder with impulsivity content and proposed as a diagnosis for inclusion in the DSM-5 [1]. The classification ‘Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder’ is presented as an impulse-control disorder in ICD-11 [2]. HD incorporates different pathophysiological mechanisms including impulsivity, compulsivity, sexual desire dysregulation and sexual addiction. Hyperactive HPA axis assessed with the dexamethasone test [3]was found in men with hypersexual disorder and a recent study by Jokinen et al examined methylation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis related genes in hypersexual disorder and discovered epigenetic changes in the CRH gene, an important integrator of neuroendocrine stress responses in the brain, with a key role in the addiction processes [4].
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