Abstract
Hyperloop is a next-generation transportation system which conveys people and freight in a vehicle called a <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">pod</i> , traveling through a near-vacuum tube at a near-sonic speed of 1,200 km/h. Its concept has been proposed in 2013 by Elon Musk of SpaceX, as a mass transit system connecting distant cities <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[1]</xref> . SpaceX sponsored the annual Hyperloop pod competition in 2016–2019, where each team builds a prototype pod to run in a mile-long test track. There also have been industrial activities to develop Hyperloop, such as Virgin Hyperloop One reaching 387 km/h in 2017 and Hyperloop Transportation Technologies building a test track since 2018.
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