Hypericin photodynamic activity in DPPC liposome. PART I: biomimetism of loading, location, interactions and thermodynamic properties

Abstract

Hypericin (Hyp) is a potential photosensitizer drug for Photodynamic Therapy (PDT). However, the high lipophilicity of Hyp prevents its preparation in water. To overcome the Hyp solubility problem, this study uses the liposomal vesicle of DPPC. Otherwise liposome is also one of the most employed artificial systems that mimetizes cell membranes. Our present focus is the interaction of Hyp into DPPC liposome as biomimetic system. We studied the loading, interaction, and localization of Hyp (2.8 μmol L−1) in DPPC (5.4 mmol L−1) liposomes, as well as the thermodynamic aspects of Hyp-liposomes. The Hyp addition to the DPPC liposome dispersion showed a Encapsulation Efficiency for [Hyp] = 2.8 μmol L−1 in [DPPC] = 5.3 mmol L−1 of 74.3% and 89.3% at 30.0 and 50.0 °C, respectively. The encapsulation profile obeys a pseudo first-order kinetic law, with a rate constant of 1.26 × 10−3 s−1 at 30.0 °C. Also the data suggests this reaction is preceded by an extremely rapid step. A study on the binding of Hyp/DPPC liposomes (Kb), performed at several temperatures, showed results of 4.8 and 18.5 × 103 L mol−1 at 293 and 323 K, respectively. Additionally, a decrease was observed in the ΔG of the Hyp/DPPC interaction (−20.6 and − 26.4 kL mol−1 at 293 and 323 K, respectively). The resulting ΔH > 0 with ΔS < 0 shows that the entropy is driven the process. Studies of Hyp location in the liposome at 298 K revealed the existence of two different Hyp populations with a Stern-Volmer constant (Ksv) of 4.65 and 1.87 L mol−1 using iodide as an aquo-suppressor at concentration ranged from 0 to 0.025 mol L−1 and from 0.025 to 0.150 mol L−1, respectively. Furthermore, studies of Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer, using DPH as a donor and Hyp as an acceptor, revealed that Hyp is allocated in different binding sites of the liposome. This is dependent on temperature. Thermal studies revealed that the Hyp/DPPC formulation presented reasonable stability. Size and morphological investigations showed that Hyp incorporation increases the average size of DPPC liposomes from 116 to 154 nm. The study demonstrated the ability of the Hyp-DPPC liposome as an interesting system for drug delivery system that can be applied to PDT.